A Bibliography of References Pertaining to Prokem

Prokem is a slang language that is spoken in Jakarta, Indonesia, mainly among young people. It resembles the English-language Pig Latin, in so far as it has many regular transformations of base-language words (e.g., English “scram&rduqo; becomes Pig Latin “amscray&rduqo; and Indonesian “diam&rduqo; becomes Prokem “diokam"). Languages that are based on regular transformations of existing languages are often called “play languages&rduqo; or “ludlings". Unlike most ludlings Prokem has different methods of transformation that are all used together and there are also non-transformed words such as acronyms that are used in Prokem speech.

• Publications Pertaining to Ludlings in Indonesia and Malaysia
• Useful Background Publications Pertaining to Indonesian and Malaysian Language, History, Politics and Sociology
• Other Useful Background Publications

• Publications Pertaining to Ludlings in Indonesia and Malaysia

  • Amien, Raisha. Kamus Bahasa Kawula Muda. Jakarta: Pustaka Bintang, 1988.
  • Atmojo, Kemala (1986). Kami Bukan Lelaki: Sebuah Sketsa Kehidupan Kaum Waria. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers.
  • Chambert-Loir, Henri (1983). “Mereka yang berbahasa Prokem.&rduqo; In Citra Masyarakat Indonesia, 112-130. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan/Archipel.
  • Chambert-Loir, Henri (1983). “Those who speak Prokem.&rduqo; Indonesia 37 (1984): 105-117. Translated by James T. Collins from Chambert-Loir.
  • Chambert-Loir, Henri (1990). “Prokem, the slang of Jakarta youth: Instructions for use.&rduqo; Prisma: The Indonesian Indicator 50: 80-88. [This is an English translation of Rahardja and Chambert-Loir (1988: 1-17), which is reprinted in Rahardja and Chambert-Loir (1990: 1-24). Citations are given for the English language reference throughout the text even though they apply to all 3 references.]
  • Dreyfuss, J. (1983). “The backward language of Jakarta youth: A bird of many language feathers.&rduqo; Nusa 16: 52-56.
  • Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman (1917). “Malay back-slang.&rduqo; Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 7: 115-116.
  • Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman (1923). Studies in Religion, Folk-Lore and Custom in British North Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Cambridge: University Press.
  • Jasawijata and Kartadarmadja (1921). “Eenige voorbelden van geheime taal in het Javaansch.&rduqo; Djawa 1, no. 3: 53-54.
  • Laycock, Don (1972). “Towards a typology of ludlings, or play-languages.&rduqo; Linguistic Communications: Working Papers of the Linguistic Society of Australia 6: 61-113.
  • Lumintaintang, Yayah B. (1981). Pemakaian Bahasa Indonesia dan Dialek Jakarta di SMA Jakarta. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Oemarjati, Boen S. (1980). “Ragam Bahasa Remaja: Permainan kata tanpa batas.&rduqo; Analisis Kebudayaan 1(3): 62-70.
  • Prentice, D. J. (1982). “Some ludic aspects of Timugon Murut.&rduqo; In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Volume 3, edited by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington and Stephen A. Wurm. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics Series C-76, pp. 145-155.
  • Pur, Samuel Labo (1989). Kamus Bahasa Khas Kawula Muda. Jakarta: Generasi Harapan.
  • Rahardja, Prathama and Henri Chambert-Loir (1988). Kamus Bahasa Prokem. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 1^st edition.
  • Rahardja, Prathama and Henri Chambert-Loir (1990). Kamus Bahasa Prokem. Jakarta: Utama Grafiti, 2^nd edition.
  • Sadtono, E. (1971). “Language games in Javanese.&rduqo; Penn-Texas Working Papers in Sociolinguistics 2: 32-38.
  • Slone, Thomas H. (2003). Prokem: An Analysis of a Jakartan Slang. Oakland, CA: Masalai Press, 108 pp.
  • St. John, Spencer (1863). Life in the Forests of the Far East. Volume 2. London: Smith, Elder, 2^nd edition.
  • Suhardi (1977). “Permainan kata dalam Bahasa Jawa.&rduqo; Bahasa dan Sastra 6: 2-6.
  • Suharto (1983). “Bahasa walikan malang tidak lagi bersifat rahasia.&rduqo; Sinar Harapan (9 August).

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• Useful Background Publications Pertaining to Indonesian and Malaysian Language, History, Politics and Sociology

  • Abeyasekere, Susan (1989). Jakarta: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2^nd edition.
  • Amnesty International (1977). Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International Publications.
  • Anderson, Benedict R. O’Gorman (1990). Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Castles, Lance (1967). “The ethnic profile of Djakarta.&rduqo; Indonesia 3: 153-204.
  • Cribb, Robert (1992). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Asian Historical Dictionaries no. 9. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
  • Dalton, Bill (1991). Indonesia Handbook. Chico, California: Moon Publications, 6^th edition.
  • Danandjaja, James (1988). Humor Mahasiswa Jakarta. Buku 1: Lelucon Erotik. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
  • De Josselin De Jong, Patrick Edward (1922). Minangkabau and Negri Sembilan: Socio-Political Structure in Indonesia. Leiden, Netherlands: Eduard Ijdo.
  • Draine, Cathie and Barbara Hall (1986). Culture Shock! Indonesia. Singapore: Times Books International.
  • Evans, I.H.N. (1920). Customs of the camphor-hunters. Journal of the Federated Malay State Museums 9: 53-58.
  • Dussek, O.T. (1928). Bersandui: Verses recited by collectors of honey in Rembau Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6(4): 56-57.
  • Foley, W. A. (1983a). “Sumatra.&rduqo; In Language Atlas of the Pacific Area. Part II. Japan Area, Taiwan (Formosa), Philippines, Mainland and Insular South-East Asia, edited by S. A. Wurm and Shirô Hattori. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics Series C-67.
  • Foley, W. A. (1983b). “Java and Bali.&rduqo; In Language Atlas of the Pacific Area. Part II. Japan Area, Taiwan (Formosa), Philippines, Mainland and Insular South-East Asia, edited by S. A. Wurm and Shirô Hattori. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics Series C-67.
  • Grijns, C. D. (1991). Jakarta Malay: A Multidimensional Approach to Spatial Variation. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: KITLV Press.
  • Gurdon, Meghan Cox (1992). “Malaysian law tries to regulate racism.&rduqo; San Francisco Chronicle, 3 July, p. A16.
  • Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). A History of South-East Asia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 4^th edition.
  • Heider, Karl G. (1991). Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Horne, Elinor Clark (1974). A Javanese-English Dictionary. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Jenkins, David (1979). “Keeping the opposition in line.&rduqo; Far Eastern Economic Review 104, no. 17: 24.
  • Kasim, Nurlena Basier and Richard Sinaga (1989). Kamus Pelajar: Istilah Ilmu Pengetahuan, Istilah Umum, Kata-kata Asing, Kata-kata Baru, Singkatan dalam Basahaku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Angin Sejuk , 4^th edition.
  • Mardiwarsito, L., Sukesi Adiwimarta and Timur Suratman (1985). Kamus Praktis Jawa-Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Mörzer Bruyns, A. (1970). Kamus Singkatan dan Akronim jang Dipergunakan di Indonesia. Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms used in Indonesia. Jakarta: Ichtiar.
  • Murray, Alison J. (1991). No Money, No Honey: A Study of Street Traders and Prostitutes in Jakarta. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Naim, Mochtar (1974). Merantau: Minangkabau Voluntary Migration. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Singapore.
  • Onghokham (1984). “The jago in colonial Java, ambivalent champion of the people.&rduqo; In History and Peasant Consciousness in South East Asia, edited by Andrew Turton and Shigeharu Tanabe, 327-343. Senri Ethnological Studies No.13. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.
  • Osman, Mohamed Taib (1986). An Introduction to the Development of Modern Malay Language and Literature. Singapore: Times Books International, revised edition.
  • Pelzer, Karl J. (1978). Planter and Peasant: Colonial Policy and the Agrarian Struggle in East Sumatra, 1863-1947. Verhandelingen van Het Kininklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no.84. ’S-Gravenhage, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Pradopo, Sri Widati, Siti Soendari Maharto, Ratna Indriani Hariyono and H. T. Faruk (1987). Humor dalam Sastra Jawa Modern. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Rahman, Azizul Rahman Abdul (1995). Bahasa Rahsia Bahasa Melayu. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
  • Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2^nd edition.
  • Sarwono, Sarlito Wirawan (1981). Pergeseran Norma Perilaku Seksual Kaum Remaja: Sebuah Penelitian Terhadap Remaja Jakarta. Jakarta: C. V. Rajawali.
  • Simons, Gary F. (1982). “Word taboo and comparative Austronesian linguistics.&rduqo; In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Volume 3, edited by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington and Stephen A. Wurm. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics Series C-76, pp. 157-226.
  • Suhadi, M. Agu (1989). Humor itu Serius: Pengantar ke “Ilmu Humor." Jakarta: Pustakakarya Grafikatama.
  • Sneddon, James Neil (2006). Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics/RSPAS, 286 pp.
  • Thoolen, Hans, ed. (1987). Indonesia and the Rule of Law: Twenty Years of “New Order&rduqo; Government. London: Frances Pinter.
  • United States Department Of State (1993). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
  • van der Meij, Th. C. (1983). Enige aspecten van geheimtaal in Jakarta. Bachelor’s dissertation, University of Leiden, Netherlands. [cited in Rahardja and Chambert-Loir (1988) and in Chambert-Loir (1990)].
  • Winstedt, R. O. (1920). The camphor language of Johore and southern Pahang. Journal of the Federated Malay State Museums 9: 59-80.
  • Winstedt, Richard O. (1934). “A history of Negri Sembilan.&rduqo; Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 12, no. 3: 39-94.
  • Wolff, John U. and Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (1982). Communicative Codes in Central Java. Linguistic Series VIII, Data Paper No.116, Ithaca, New York: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University.

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• Other Useful Background Publications

  • Abraham, Karl (1927). Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. Translated by Douglas Bryan and Alix Strachey. New York: Basic Books.
  • Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge (1991). Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Apte, Mahadev L. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Averna, Giuliano and Joseph Salemi (1982). “Italian blasphemies.&rduqo; Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression 6: 63-70.
  • Beale, Paul, ed. (1989). Partridge’s Concise Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English; From a Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by Eric Partridge. New York: Macmillan.
  • Brunvand, Jan Harold (1968). The Study of American Folklore: An Introduction. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Campbell, Horace (1987). Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.
  • Chapman, Robert L., ed. (1986). New Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Harper and Row. [Revised edition of Wentworth and Flexner (1975)
  • Chevalier-Skolnikoff, Suzanne (1973). “Facial expression of emotion in nonhuman primates.&rduqo; In Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review, edited by Paul Ekman,11-89. New York: Academic Press.
  • Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Cralle, Trevor (1991). The Surfin’ary: A Dictionary of Surfing Terms and Surfspeak. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
  • Cribb, Robert (1991). Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People’s Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945-1949. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Cumberbatch, Guy (1989). “Violence and the mass media: The research evidence.&rduqo; In A Measure of Uncertainty: The Effects of the Mass Media, edited by Guy Cumberbatch and Dennis Howitt, 31-59. London: John Libbey.
  • Di Lauro, Al and Rabkin, Gerald (1976). Dirty Movies: An Illustrated History of the Stag Film 1915-1970. New York: Chelsea House.
  • Dundes, Alan (1980). Interpreting Folklore. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Dundes, Alan (1987). Cracking Jokes: Studies of Sick Humor Cycles and Stereotypes. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
  • Dundes, Alan and Carl R. Pagter (1987). When You’re Up to Your Ass in Alligators: More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
  • Ersine, Noel (1933). Underworld and Prison Slang. Upland, Indiana: A. D. Freese and Son.
  • Eysenck, H. J. and D. K. B. Nias (1978). Sex, Violence and the Media. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1960). Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. Translated by James Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton (paperback edition 1989).
  • Gandour, Jackson T. (1978). “Talking backwards about sex (etc.) in Thai.&rduqo; Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression 2: 111-114.
  • Haertzen, Charles A., H. Allan Eisenberg, Nall T. Hooks Jr., Frances E. Ross and Mary Pross (1979). “Estimating specificity of drug and alcohol subcultural groups with slang names for drugs.&rduqo; Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47: 592-594.
  • Hughes, Geoffrey (1988). Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell.
  • Hughes, Geoffrey (1991). Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell.
  • Keen, Sam (1986). Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination. The Psychology of Enmity. New York: Harper and Row.
  • La Barre, Weston (1970). The Ghost Dance: Origins of Religion. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  • Lefkowitz, Natalie (1991). Talking Backwards, Looking Forwards: The French Language Game Verlan. Language in Performance No. 3. Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Legman, Gershon (1949). Love and Death: A Study in Censorship. New York: Breaking Point.
  • Legman, Gershon (1964).The Horn Book: Studies in Erotic Folklore and Bibliography. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books.
  • Legman, Gershon (1968). Rationale of the Dirty Joke: An Analysis of Sexual Humor. 1st Series. New York: Grove Press.
  • Legman, Gershon (1975). No Laughing Matter: An Analysis of Sexual Humor. 2^nd Series. New York: Bell.
  • Lester, David, Robert B. Hudson, and Jean Costic (1992). “Arousing patriotic feelings in men and women.&rduqo; Perceptual and Motor Skills 75: 914.
  • Lorenz, Konrad (1966). On Aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. (1^st paperback edition ,1967, Bantam Books, New York).
  • Malinowski, Bronislaw (1927). Sex and Repression in Savage Society. New York: Harcourt, Brace. (1^st paperback edition, 1955, Meridian Books, New York).
  • Maurer, David W. (1981). Language of the Underworld. Allan W. Futrell and Charles B. Wordell, eds. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Maurer, David W. and Ellesa Clay High (1980). “New words: Where do they come from and where do they go? An Experiment in cavalier lexicography." American Speech 55: 184-194.
  • Munro, Pamela (1989). Slang U. New York: Harmony Books.
  • Nash, Jay Robert (1992). Dictionary of Crime: Criminal Justice, Criminology, and Law Enforcement. New York: Paragon House.
  • Partridge, Eric (1934). Slang To-Day and Yesterday: With a Short Historical Sketch and Vocabularies of English, American and Australian Slang. New York: Macmillan.
  • Partridge, Eric (1950). Here, There, and Everywhere: Essays upon Language. London: Hamish Hamilton, 2^nd edition.
  • Partridge, Eric (1950). A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions, 1989). Out of print:
  • Partridge, Eric (1984). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: Colloquialisms and Catch-phrases, Solecisms and Catachreses, Nicknames and Vulgarisms. Paul Beale, ed. New York: Macmillan, 8^th edition.
  • Paul, Elizabeth (1985). Etude des Regularités Morpho-syntaxiques du Verlan Contemporain. Unpublished Mémoire de Maîtrise. Paris: U.E.R. de Linguistique Française. [cited in Lefkowitz (1991)].
  • Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert and Esther T. Mookini (1975). The Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary With a Concise Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Redfern, Walter (1984). Puns. New York: Basil Blackwell.
  • Sabin, Roger (1993). Adult Comics: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Sheidlower, Jesse T. and Jonathan E. Lighter (1993). “A recent coinage (Not!)&rduqo; American Speech 68: 213-218.
  • Simonson, Douglas “Peppo&rduqo; (1981). Pidgin to da Max. Honolulu: Bess Press.
  • Tannahill, Reay (1980). Sex in History. New York: Stein and Day.
  • Thompson, Stith (1993). Motif-Index of Folk Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk Tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books, and Local Legends. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, compact disk edition.
  • Thorne, Tony (1990). The Dictionary of Contemporary Slang: With More Than 5,000 Racy and Raffish Colloquial Expressions from America, Great Britain, Australia, the Caribbean, and other English-speaking Places. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Wentworth, Harold and Stuart Berg Flexner (1975). Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 2^nd edition.
  • Wilson, Edward O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard.

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    © 2003 by Thomas H. Slone.

    Last modified August 20, 2007.