An annotated bibliography of East Sepik Province folklore

Below is an annotated bibliography of East Sepik Province folklore. See the main bibliography page for more details. Please send comments and corrections to me.

A “*” following a reference indicates that I have not seen.

Abramson, J. A. & Holst, R. (1973). Hewa sacred bark painting and style in New Guinea art. Records of the Papua and New Guinea Public Museum and Art Gallery 3: 17-62. Discusses the origin myth of the Hewa People. *
Agwi, Augusta (1980). “How Korogo Village Was Founded (Iatmul Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 63-65. This article presents an origin legend from the Iatmul People.
Akimoula, Menis (1980). “The Origin Story Told at Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 5-6. This article presents a fragmentary-myth from the Abelam People that begins like the Swan Maiden tale.
Alois, Nonny Herman (1983). “How We Got Yams in E. S. P.” Oral History 11(3): 7-11. This article presents a Swan Maiden myth from the Mountain Arapesh People.
Anurim, Bernard & Kabaru, Chris (1980). “How People Came to Tarawai and Walis Islands.” Oral History 8(2): 81-83. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Apral (1981). “Kolimang, the First Woman to Make Clay Pots and Plates.” Oral History 9(4): 120-121. This article presents a myth from the Aibom People.
Areka, Apam (1980). “The Neligum Attack on Mu-Urimbel and the Founding of Bainyik, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 11-13. This article presents a legend from the Abelam People.
Aris, Peter (1977). “Karau Village, East Sepik Province.” Oral History 5(6): 76-77. This article presents a myth of the Murik People.
Baker, Helen, & Kwapalik (1983). Botapu: Kudi las waw [Stories of Local Activities and Customs]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, ed. by Roger Kennedy and Beverley Kennedy, 32 pp. This book is on the Abelam People of the Maprik District. *
Bateson, Gregory (1958). Naven: The Culture of the Iatmul People of New Guinea as Revealed through a Study of the “Naven” Ceremonial. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 312 pp. + 28 plates, 2^nd edition. This book presents 2 myths of the Iatmul People on pp. 36-37 and 145-147.
Bell, Raphael; Jimlake, Clement; Maru, Ignas; Wiak, Albert & Willy, David (1980). “Warak: C” Oral History 8(2): 53-54. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Bisa, Jerry (1980). “How the Yams, Mami and Pigs Began in Apambi Village, West Wosera.” Oral History 8(9): 48-50. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Bose, Leo (1978). “Womaian Village: Clan Histories and their Significance.” Oral History 6(7): 75-92. This article presents clan origin legends of the Boiken People.
Boyek, Herman (2000). Kairiru: Island of Legends. Wewak: Wirui Press. *
Bowden, Ross (1983). Yena: Art and Ceremony in a Sepik Society. Oxford, England: Pitt Rivers Museum, 179 pp., illustrated. Monograph 3. This book presents 3 myths of the Kwoma people in Appendix B (pp. 130-153). The myths are also discussed in the main text. This was originally presented in 1981 as a Doctor of Philosophy thesis at Cambridge University.
Bowden, Ross (1990). “The Architecture and Art of Kwoma Ceremonial Houses.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 480-490. This discusses myth in the context of Kwoma art (pp. 482-486, 490).
Brumbaugh, Robert Conrad (1983). The Old Woman at Wario. San Diego: Melanesian manuscript series; no. 0028, item 2. “Restriction. This text includes local secret information and is not for general distribution.” 11 pp. This presents myths of the Paka (Pakka) People. *
Brumbaugh, Robert Conrad (1984). Origin Myths of the Left May. San Diego: Melanesian manuscript series; no. 0028, item 3. “Restriction. This text includes local secret information and is not for general distribution.” 13 pp. This presents myths of the Saviano (?) People. *
Buinklo, Raphael (1980). “How My People Learnt to Build Canoes and Use Fire -- A Legend from Kubkain Village, Ambunti District, East Sepik Province, Wogamusin -- Upper Sepik Stock - Sepik Sub Phylum.” Oral History 8(9): 58. This article presents a myth from the Wogamusin People.
Bukasu, Francis & Wamani, Peter (1980). “Bruan” Oral History 8(2): 25-26. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Bunima, Lucas (1980). “Origin of Kasiman (Kasmin) Village, Angoram District, East Sepik Province.” Oral History 8(9): 79-80. This article presents a myth from the Kamasau People.
Buria, Jon Suyum & Kooyers, Martha, translators (1976). Yeyi wayaga yechi nomaka akar Washkuk nomaka [Ancestor Stories and Other Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 33 pp. This book is about the Kwoma People. *
Cheam, William; Sabok, Agust & Manda, Christ (1980). “Three Shagur Fights” Oral History 8(2): 29-31. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Coiffier, Christian (1995). “Îles flottantes du fleuve Sepik: Note concernant l’article de Henri Lavondes: Jules Verne, les Polynesiens et le motif de l’île mouvante [Floating islands of the Sepik River: Note concerning Henri Lavondes’ article: Jules Verne, Polynesiens and the reason for the moving island].” Journal de la Sociétédes Océanistes 100-101: 238-240. This article discusses the mythology of the Iatmul People. *
David, Wingo (1980). “How Tauri Village Was Founded - Iwam Language Speakers Upper Sepik.” Oral History 8(9): 58-60. This article presents an origin legend from the Iwam People.
Dengewe, Maria (1980). “How Selnau Village Was Founded, Wom (Wam) Language Speakers, Kombia [Kombio] Stock, Torricelli Language Phylum.” Oral History 8(9): 71-72. This article presents an origin legend from the Wom People.
Draper, N. & Draper, S. (1966). Notes on Maprik Yam Cult & Other Ambelas [sic] Folklore. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 69 pp. This book discusses the mythology of the Abelam People. *
Errington, Frederick & Gewertz, Deborah (1990). “The Chief of the Chambri: Social Change and Cultural Permeability among a New Guinea People.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 309-319. This presents the myth of Arione of the Chambri People (pp. 312-313).
Farnsworth, Marva & Kwaramwuk, translators (1972). Kipa maja lapa nyiga 1 [Various Folktales]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 24 pp. * This booklet presents folktales of the Manambu People.
Felix, Bablis (1980). “How the Jame People Left Maprik 2 (Manje) Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 15-16. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Foley, William A. (1986). The Yimas Language of New Guinea. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 490 pp., illustrated. The appendix (pp. 457-486) contains 3 folktales of the Yimas People in the Yimas Language with simultaneous translation to English. The 3 stories are, “Origins of Yimas Village,” “The Flood,” and “How Men’s Penises Got Shortened.”
Foreman, Velma & Marten, Helen, eds. (1985). Bur Kwom Sike [Bur Village Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 17 pp. This booklet is about the Yessan-Mayo People. * Out of print.
Freudenburg, Allen (1976). Kueliwalanka Tiere Huafu: Legends. These are in Boiken, Tok Pisin and English. Translated by Demon Hwasimani into Tok Pisin. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 118 pp., illustrated. This book presents 16 myths of the Boiken People., * Out of print.
Gehberger, Johann (1950). “Aus dem Mythenschatz der Samap an der Nordostkuste Neuguineas.” Anthropos 45: 295-341, 733-778, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Elepi People. *
Gehberger, Johann (1977). The Myths of the Samap: East Sepik Myths from Samap, Mandi and Senampeli Recorded Between 1938 and 1940. Translated by John J. Tschauder & Pamela Swadling from “Aus dem Mythenschatz der Samap an der Nordostkuste Neuguineas” Anthropos, vol. 45, 1950. Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 148 pp., illustrated. This book discusses the mythology of the Elepi (Samap) and Mandi Peoples. It is unclear where Senampeli is located. *
Gélége, Nabasél (author);Kundama, John & Wilson, Pat (editors); Kundama, John; Kélému, John & Gwaawi (translators) (1983). Walésaki: Abulas (Ambulas) / Melanesian Pidgin Legends. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 72 pp., illustrated. This book presents 9 legends in Ambulas and Tok Pisin.
Gerstnet, Andreas (1952). “Der Geisterglaube im Wewäk-Boikin-Gebiet Nordost-Neuguineas.” [The spirit faith in the Wewak-Boiken area of northeast New Guinea.] Anthropos 47: 795-821, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Boiken People. *
Gewertz, Deborah B. (1978). “The myth of the blood-men: An explanation of Chambri warfare.” Journal of Anthropological Research 34: 577-588. This book discusses the mythology of the Chambri People. *
Gewertz, Deborah B. (1982). “The Father Who Bore Me: The Role of Tsambunwuro during Chambri Initiation Ceremonies.” In: Herdt (1982), pp. 286-320. This chapter discusses mythology and male initiation among the Chambri People (pp. 310-315).
Gewertz, Deborah B. (1983). Sepik River Societies: A Historical Ethnography of the Chambri and Their Neighbors. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 266 pp., illustrated. The book presents several myths, including those of the Chambri (pp. 50-51, 67-68, 77-78, 82-83, 101), Aibom (pp. 80-81), Sawos (pp. 29-31), Iatmul (pp. 42-43) Peoples. This book also re-presents the Iatmul People’s myths from Bateson (1958) on pp. 32-34, 63-66.
Gewertz, Deborah B. & Errington, Frederick K. (1991). Twisted Histories, Altered Contexts: Representing the Chambri in a World System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 264 pp., illustrated. This book presents 2 myths (pp. 158-160) excerpted from Godfried Kolly’s “Chambri Bible” (presumably unpublished), which is described in pp. 154-168.
Gobikambe, Andrew (1980). “Origin Story of Namiokum Clan of Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 3-4. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Gusinde, Martin (1959). “Die Geschichte von einem pygmaenhaften Volk im Maprik-Distrikt (Neu-Guinea).” Anthropos 54: 234-235. *
Halipeim, Christina (1980). “The Traditional Origin Story of the Yamil Tribe, East Sepik Province.” Oral History 8(9): 67-70. This article presents 2 myths from the Manambu People.
Harrison, Simon (1982). Laments for Foild Marriages: Love Songs from a Sepik River Village. Boroko: Institute of Papua new Guinea Studies, 77 pp. This book presents discusses the relationship between Manambu love songs (namai) and their mythology.
Harrison, Simon (1990). Stealing People’s Names: History and Politics in a Sepik River Cosmology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 217 pp., illustrated. This book presents 1 myth (pp. 50-51) and elsewhere discusses the mythology of the Manambu People.
Hauser-Schaüblin, Brigitta (1983). "The Mai Masks of the Iatmul, Papua New Guinea: Style, Carving, Process, Performance and Function.” Oral History 11(2): 1-53. This article presents and discusses 2 myths from the Iatmul People (pp. 42-49). This was translated by Eileen Walliser from the German. It originally appeared as “Mai-Masken der Iatmul, Papua New Guinea: Stil, Schnitzforgang, Auftritt und Funktion” in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 87/88: 119-145 (1976/1977) and 92: 47-54 (1981).
Hogbin, H. I. [Ian] (1970). The Island of Menstruating Men: Religion in Wogeo, New Guinea. Scranton, PA: Chandler. This book discusses the mythology of the Wogeo People. *
Höltker, Georg (1975). Myths and Legends from Murik Lakes. Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 1975. Translated from German by Ulli Beier. Originally published in Annali Lateranensi 31 as “Erzählungen der Nord-Papua im Murik Gebiet von Nordost-Neuguinea [Narrations of the North Papua in the Murik area of Northeast New Guinea]” (Vatican: Poliglotta Vaticana, 1967). This book presents the mythology of the Murik People. *
Howley, Pat (1980a). “War of Chem and Shagur Against Arai and Its Associated Villages.” Oral History 8(2): 26-29. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Howley, Pat (1980b). “Watar - Serasing War.” Oral History 8(2): 31-33. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Howley, Pat (1980c). “Shagur - Rigu War.” Oral History 8(2): 33-36. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Howley, Pat (1980d). “The Revenge of Koragur and Riau.” Oral History 8(2): 36-41, 43. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Howley, Pat (1980e). “Tur the Canoe Man.” Oral History 8(2): 57-62. This article presents a myth from the Kairiru People.
Howley, Pat (1980f). “Wapsae Who Brought the Secrets of Canoe Making to Sup Village on Muschu Island.” Oral History 8(2): 63-65. This article presents a myth from the Kairiru People.
Huber-Greub, Barbara (1990). Land in the Abelam village of Kimbangwa. In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 274-285. This article discusses the mythology of the Abelam People.
Hwasimani, Demon, translator (1976). Kueliwalanka tiere huafu [Legends]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics. In Boiken, Tok Pisin and English Languages. Edited by Allen Freudenburg, 117 pp. This book is about the Yangoru Boiken People. *
Hwasimani, Demon & Katimo, Johnny (1974). Mana ti wiample fari [Cultural Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, ed. by Allen Freudenburg & Marlene Freudenburg, 49 pp. This book is about the Yangoru Boiken People. *
Ihiruom, Soatapen (1980). “Why the Neligum People Attacked Mu-Urimbel Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(8): 17-18. This article presents a legend from the Abelam People.
Jayatunge, Krishan, translator (2002). Sepik Stories. Jayatunge translated into English 25 folktales that originally appeared in Wantok newspaper for the Web. These are mainly from East Sepik Province, with a couple from West Sepik Province. A more comprehensive translation of the folktales from Wantok (>1000 tales) appears in the book >One Thousand One Papua New Guinean Nights by Slone (2001).
Jimmy, Ramukun (1980). “Origin Story Told at Gwelikum Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 14-15. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Johnson, Peter (1978). “Mathew’s Story.” Oral History 6(4): 68-71. This article presents a myth from the Wogeo People.
Joshua, Namutagua (1980). “How Lawangiputa Was Founded from Ilahita (Southern Arapesh Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 92-94. This article presents an origin legend from the South Arapesh People.
Juanat, Robert & Kasir, Emil (1980). “Sup.” Oral History 8(2): 46-49. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Kabur, Augustine; Bukasim, Francis; Usclain, Carl; Juop, Patrick; Pakari, Thomas & Waiat, Joseph (1980). “Shauwer.” Oral History 8(2): 23-24. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Kachau, Gronimus; Saulep, Raphael & Pinjong, Sebby (1980). “Yuon.” Oral History 8(2): 17-18. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Kaien & Kaiu, Andrew (1980). “Wom.” Oral History 8(2): 72-73. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Kainang, Joseph; Kainang, Andy & Gumbal, Donatus (1980). “The Settling of Yuo & Karesau Islands.” Oral History 8(2): 66-63. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Kaingen, Masina (1980). “An Origin Story from Bugita Village - Wingei Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 28-29. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Kamis, Gweniwi (1980). “How Saulik Village Was Founded, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 18-19. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Kankai, Richard; Buniawain, B. & Wiau, Bob (1980). “Spapru (Jokoilal).” Oral History 8(2): 50-51. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Kasier & Salot, Lucien (1980). “Marai.” Oral History 8(2): 49-50. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Kawasaki, Ippei (1998). Pigs, two women and an island: A reality of subsistence in Bahinemo mythology. In: Fringe Area of Highlands in Papua New Guinea Yoshida, Shuji & Toyoda, Yukio, eds. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 47. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 79-91. This chapter discusses the mythology of the Bahinemo People. * Out of print.
Kelm, Antje (1975). Ein Pfeilschuss für die Braut: Mythen und Erzählungen aus Kwieftim und Abrau, Nordostneuguinea [An Arrow Shot for the Bride: Myths and Narrations from Kwieftim and Abrau, Northeast New Guinea]. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 364 pp., illustrated. This book discusses the mythology of the Awun (Abrau) and Ak (Kwieftim) Peoples. *
Kelm, Antje & Kelm, Heinz (1980). Sago und Schwein: Ethnologie von Kwieftim und Abrau in Nordost-Neuguinea. [Sago and Pig: Ethnology of Kwieftim and Abrau in Northeast New Guinea.] Studien zur Kulturkunde Bd. [volume] 51. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 397 pp., illustrated. This book contains information on the mythos of the Awun (Abrau) and Ak (Kwieftim) Peoples. *
Kelm, Antje (1990). “Sanguma in Abrau and Kwieftim.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 447-451. This article presents one myth each of the Awun (Abrau) and Ak (Kwieftim) Peoples (p. 449).
Kiaakia, Bungo (1980). “How Apangai and Manji Chased Out the Jamaiy People - Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 10-11. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Kinjet, August (1980). “How Yanget Village Was Founded - (Sawos Language).” Oral History 8(9): 70. This article presents an origin legend from the Sawos People.
Kipa, Ningikun (1980). “The Origin Myth of the Yam as Told at Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 7-9 [mispaginated]. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Kose, Veronica (1980). “The Origin of Wombisa Village, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 43-45 . This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Koukou, Andru, ed. (1985). Warsai Kwom Sike [Warsai Village Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 17 pp. This booklet is about the Yessan-Mayo People. * Out of print.
Kuan, Herman; Gunn, Philip & Tiniau, Anton (1980). “Brauniak” Oral History 8(2): 16-17. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Kulick, Don (1992). Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self, and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinean Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 317 pp., illustrated. Kulick presents a cargoistic myth of the Taiap (Gapun) People on pp. 157-160. He discusses the two brothers myth on pp. 57-58, and a myth is synopsized on p. 90. Gapun is the only village where Taiap is spoken.
Kumagai, Keichi (1998). Migration and shifting settlement patterns among the Kapriman People of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Fringe Area of Highlands in Papua New Guinea Yoshida, Shuji & Toyoda, Yukio, eds. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 47. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 43-60. This chapter discusses the mythology of the Kapriman People. * Out of print.
Kuminiga, Jimly (1980). “How Amahop Village Was Founded (Southern Arapesh Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 88-90. This article presents an origin legend from the South Arapesh People.
Kutian, Jacob Kess Mangi (1980). “Origin Story of Umunuko Village, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 45-47. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Laitmagau, Anton; Wainau, John & Wiau, Bob (1980). “The Fight Between Spapru and Muschu.” Oral History 8(2): 51. This article presents a legend from the Boiken People.
Laki, Richard (1980). “How My Line [Clan] Left Parambei and Came to Kandinge.” Oral History 8(9): 61. This article presents an origin legend from the Iatmul People.
Lansak, Anton (1980). “An Origin Story from Rubugum Village, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 32-34. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Lauiagun, Alphonse (1980). “The Origin Myth of the Apusit (Abusit) Village People, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 34-35. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Lipset, David M. (1985). Seafaring Sepiks: Ecology, warfare and prestige in Murik trade. Annual Review of Research in Economic Anthropology 7: 67-94, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Murik People. *
Lipset, David M. (1997). Mangrove Man: Dialogics of Culture in Papua New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 335 pp., illustrated. This boook discusses the mythology of the Murik People. *
Laumann, Karl (1952). “Vlíss-o, der Kriegs- und Jagdott am unteren Yuat River Neuguinea.” [Vlíss-o, the war and Jagdott on the lower Yuat River, New Guinea.] Anthropos 47: 897-908. *
Laumann, Karl (1954). “Geisterifiguren am mittleren Yuat River in Neuguinea [Spirit figures of the middle Yuat River in New Guinea].” Anthropos 49: 27-57, illustrated. *
Laycock, Donald C. (no date). Course in New Guinea (Sepik) Pidgin. Canberra: Australian National University, 61 pp. Three folktales are given in Tok Pisin and English, including one from Yamanambu (Yamanumbu) Village (Iatmul People) and one from Waskuk Village (Kwoma People).
Likita, Steven (1980). “The Cassowary Woman and the Beginning of Awi (Auwi) Village.” Oral History 8(9): 82-85. This article presents a Swan Maiden myth from the Abelam People.
Loa, Simon (1980a). “Trouble with Yangisaku Village Led to the Jewoykem People Settling in a Wingei Village.” Oral History 8(9): 29-30. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Loa, Rabin M. (1980b). “How Amahop Village Was Founded (Southern Arapesh Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 90-91. This article presents an origin legend from the South Arapesh People.
Losche, Diane (1990). “Utopian Visions and the Division of Labor in Abelam Society.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 395-401. This discusses myths and division of labor between the sexes among the Abelam People (pp. 399-401).
Losche, Diane (1997). “What do Abelam images want from us? Plato’s cave and Kwatbil’s belly. Australian Journal of Anthropology 8: 35-49. This article discusses the mythology of the Abelam People. *
Lukas, Josua & Alungum, Jon, eds. (1978) Basef Numunefisis (Legends). Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 228 pp. This presents myths of the Southern Arapesh People, in Southern Arapesh and in English. * Out of print.
Luoma, Pirkko, compiler (1988). Por tingklaket a tu mansan [Old Ancester Stories], Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 21 pp. This booklet is about the Urim People. * Out of print.
Lutkehaus, Nancy; Kaufmann, Christian; Mitchell, William E.; Newton, Douglas; Osmundsen, Lita & Schuster, Meinhard, eds. (1990). Sepik Heritage: Tradition and Change in Papua New Guinea. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 666 pp., illustrated.
Maiet, Michael & Kasir, Emil (1980). “The Story of One Sup Clan.” Oral History 8(2): 49. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Manabe, Takashi (1988). Mami [Sweet potato] reveals dynamic Kwanga social structure. In: Nucleation in Papua New Guinea Cultures, Mayers, Marvin K. & Rath, Daniel D., eds. International Museum of Cultures 23. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 45-59. This chapter discusses the mythology of the Kwanga People.
[Mandau] Mandou, Emil & Varahui, Joseph (1980). “The Fight Between Failau and Bam.” Oral History 8(2): 45-46. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru or Boiken People.
Mando, Emil & Bokele, Laurence (1980). “Bam.” Oral History 8(2): 56. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru or Boiken People.
Manikuli, Baindu (1980). “The Origin of the Rubugum Villages.” Oral History 8(9): 31-32. This article presents a origin legend from the Abelam People.
Mark, Ulani (1980). “Origin Story of Amahop Village - Southern Arapesh Language Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 85. This article presents an origin legend from the South Arapesh People.
Mathew, Pes (1980). How Lehinga Village No. 4 Was Founded (Southern Arapesh Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 87-88. This article presents an origin legend from the South Arapesh People.
McDowell, Nancy (1991). The Mundugumor: From the Field Notes of Margaret Mead and Reo Fortune. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 337 pp., illustrated. This book presents 2 myths of the Biwat (Mundugumor) People.
Mead, Margaret (1970). The Mountain Arapesh II: Arts and Supernaturalism. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 491 pp., illustrated. This book was published with 2 other volumes, The Mountain Arapesh and The Mountain Arapesh III: Stream of Events in Alitoa. The books were originally published in Antropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, volume 36, 37, parts 3, 1938, 1940. Volume II contains 39 myths that Mead collected, including multiple versions of some of these myths (pp. 278-341), as well as 16 myths collected by Reo Fortune (pp. 341-354).
Meeker, Michael E., Barlow, Kathleen & Lipset, David M. (1986). Culture, exchange and gender: Lessons from the Murik. Cultural Anthropology 1: 6-74, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Murik People. *
Mellam, Albert (1980). “The Origin of Serangwantu Village as Told by Yaluangi Yuespat.” Oral History 8(9): 38-41. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Mepi, Angelus (author) & Nicolas Garnier (translator) (2006). Takwarkas: Myths from Chambri (East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea / Tumbuna Stori bilong Chambri (East Sepik Province, Papua Niugini) / Myths de Chambri (East Sepik Province, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinea, Port Moresby: Alliance Française de Port Moresby, 270 pp. This book presents 30 myths of the Chambri People in English, Tok Pisin and French.
Mereken, Mathias; Mandau, Emil & Fininki, Alois (1980). “How Failau Village Declined.” Oral History 8(2): 43-44. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru or Boiken People.
Mokis, Makru & Kaiu, Andy (1980). “Robuin Island.” Oral History 8(2): 76-80. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Mon, Peter; Bukasu, Alois; Juop, Patrick; Pakari, Thomas & Waiat, Joseph (1980). “Serasing.” Oral History 8(2): 24-25. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Monub & Sarec, Joe (1980). “Rumlal.” Oral History 8(2): 23. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Nawimin, Baitas (1980). “Guani, the Big Standing-Stone at Loneim Village (Mt. Arapesh Language).” Oral History 8(9): 77. This article presents a myth from the Mountain Arapesh People.
Nekitel, O. M. (1987). The man who married a cassowary woman: A legend from the Abu’Arapesh people of the Torricelli mountains as told to me by my father, the late Andreas Nekitel of Womsis village. Bikmaus 7(3): 66-71. This article presents a myth of the Mountain Arapesh People.
Newton, Douglas (1967). Oral tradition and history in the Sepik District, New Guinea. In: Essay on the Verbal and Visual Arts: Proceedings of the 1966 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, June Helm, ed. Seattle, University of Washington Press, pp. 200-215. *
Newton, Douglas (1975). “Kanduanum History." Oral History 3(7): 156-161. This article presents a legend of the origin of Kanduanum Village (Anggoram People).
Nimbilau, Joseph; Bugatar, Hannat, Pius; Kruori, J. & Sumboe, M. (1980). “The Settlement of Kairiru.” Oral History 8(2): 12-15. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Nix Yuanigi, translator (1990). Waamalapu kundi naambi waawu [Stories of Local Activities and Customs]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, ed. by Patricia Wilson, 26 pp. This booklet is about the Abelam People of the Wingei District. * Out of print.
Noknale, Tobias (1980a). “The Origin of Wora Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 5-6. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Noknale, Tobias (1980b). “A Clan Origin Story from Wora Village.” Oral History 8(9): 21-22. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Norikgu, Vukum (1980). “The Origin of Pigs as Told at Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 1-2. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Numba, Komis (1980). “A Story about Dogs and Wallabies from Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 9. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Numbatai, Tombel & Bong, Danny (1980). “Warak: B” Oral History 8(2): 52-53. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Poinaji, Tony (1980). “The Founding of Akasamei, Kwanga.” Oral History 8(9): 50-51. This article presents an origin legend from the Kwanga People.
Pondua (1981). “Where Kambarumba Village Came From.” Oral History 9(4): 22-23. This article presents a myth from the Kambot People.
Pulou, Thomas (1978). “The Jari Tradition as Told by Kaum Sandoma.” Oral History 6(2): 9-17. This article presents a myth of the Murik People.
Pulsio, Andrew & Pabite, Peterson (1980). “Yawik” Oral History 8(2): 18-19. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Roscoe, Paul B. (1984). “Walis Island, East Sepik Province: The Story from Sima Village.” Oral History 12(2): 37-44. This article presents a myth of the Boiken People.
Roscoe, Paul B. (1989). “The flight from the fen: The prehistoric migrations of the Boiken of the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.” Oceania 60: 139-154. This article discusses the relationship between Boiken settlement legends, language and geography.
Roscoe, Paul B. (1990). “Male Initiation among the Yangoru Boiken.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 402-413. This briefly describes a myth of the Boiken People (p. 404).
Roscoe, Paul B. (1994). “Who Are the Ndu? Ecology, migration, and linguistic and cultural change in the Sepik Basin.” In: Migration and Transformations: Regional Perspectives on New Guinea. Andrew J. Strathern & Gabriele Stürzenhofecker, eds. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press. ASAO Monograph 15. pp. 49-84. This chapter expands on Roscoe (1989), including other Ndu language family members besides Boiken.
Sack, Peter (1975). Mythology and land rights on Wogeo. Oceania 46: 40-52. This article discusses the mythology of the Wogeo People. *
Saito, Hisahumi (1988). Future foretold by a myth: Ethno-history of the Yabio [in Japanese]. In: Society in History, Sudo, K., Yamashita, S. & Yoshioka, M., eds. Tokyo: Kobundo, pp. 53-68. This chapter discusses the mythology of the Yabio People. * Out of print.
Sakui, Bernadette (1980). “The Founding of Apusit (Abusit) Village near Kunjingini, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 35-36. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Sale, George Jimlake, Clement; Kamboge, Vincent; Maru, Ignas; Wiak, Albert & Willy, David (1980). “Small Muschu & Big Muschu.” Oral History 8(2): 56. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Sanders, Joy & Sanders, Arden (compilers); Napori, Joseph; Singi, Moses & Wokui, Joseph (editors) (1986). Koku Ming Chuqo: Ancestor Stories. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 89 pp., illustrated. This book contains 15 folktales of the Kamasau People, written in the Kamasau (Wand Tuan) Language and in Tok Pisin. An English edition was reportedly available. Out of print.
Sanginawa, Allan (1980). “The Founding of Wingeii Village.” Oral History 8(9): 24. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Sapayé, Adéru (1975). Kés pulak nak pulak kudi [Various Kinds of Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 16 pp. This book is about the Abelam People of the Maprik District. * Out of print.
Schindlbeck, Markus (1984). Über den mythischen Ursprungsort der Sawos und Iatmul (Papua-Neuguinea) [Concerning the myths originating from Sawos and Iatmul (Papua New Guinea)]. Diachronica, Ethnologica Helvetica 8: 153-160, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Sawos and Iatmul Peoples. *
Schmidt, Joseph (1923-1924, 1926). Die Ethnographie der Nor-Papua (Murik-Kaup-Karau) bei Dallmannhaven, Neu-Guinea [The ethnology of North Papua (Murik-Kapu-Karau) by Dallmann Harbor, New Guinea]. Anthropos 28-29: 700-732, 31: 38-71, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Murik People. *
Schmidt, Joseph (1933). Neue beitrage zur Ethnographie der Nor-Papua (Neuguinea) [New contribution to the ethnography of North Papua (New Guinea)]. Anthropos 28: 321-254, 663-682, illustrated. This article discusses the mythology of the Murik People. *
Schuster, Meinhard (1965). “Mythen aus dem Sepik-Gebiet [Myths from the Sepik area].” In: Festschrift Alfred Buhler. Series: Basler Beitrage zur Ethnologie 2. Basel: Pharos-Verlag, pp. 369-384. * Out of print.
Schuster, Meinhard (1990). “Aspects of the Aibom Concept of History.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 7-22. This discusses myth and Aibom history (pp. 7, 12-15, 18, 22).
Siaui, Surum & Surum, Engelberth (1980). “The Founding of the Wamat Clan on Yuo Island.” Oral History 8(2): 68-69. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Siaui, Surum; Surum, Engelberth & Jramaf, Thomas (1980). “A Fight Between Kapun and Yuo Who Were Helped by Barom.” Oral History 8(2): 70-71. This article presents a legend from the Kairiru People.
Silverman, Eric Kline (2001). “From totemic space to cyberspace: Transformations in Sepik River and Aboriginal Australian myth, knowledge and art.” In: Rumsey & Weiner, Emplaced Myth., pp. 189-214. The chapter discusses Sepik River mythology, especially the Iatmul People.
Simalo, Bayien (1980). “Story Told at Gwelikum Village of How Mami Became a Food Plant and the Moon Became the Light of the World, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 13-14. This article presents a myth from the Abelam People.
Spearritt, Gordon & Wassmann, Jürg (1996). Myth and music in a middle Sepik village. Kulele 2: 59-84 (1996). Discusses music and mythology of the Iatmul People.
Sperir, Albert; Kimi, Gregory; Imbui, Adam Paul & Sabiang, Robert (1980). “Shagur & Surai.” Oral History 8(2): 21-23. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Staalsen, Philip (1965). “Brugnowi Origins: The founding of a village. Man 65: 184-188. This article discusses the mythology of the Mayo People. *
Stanek, Milan (1982). Geschichten der Kopfjäger: Mythos und Kultur der Iatmul auf Papua-Neuguinea [Stories of the Headhunters: Myth and Culture of the Iatmul on Papua New Guinea]. Köln, Germany: Diederichs, 247 pp., illustrated. This book discusses the mythology of the Iatmul People. * Out of print.
Stanek, Milan (1983). Sozialordnung und Mythik in Palimbei: Bausteine zur ganzheitlichen Beschreibung einer Dorfgemeinschaft der Iatmul East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea [Social order and mysticism in Palimbei: Building blocks for the integrated description of a village community of the Iatmul, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Basel: Ethnologisches Seminar der Universität, 472 pp., illustrated. Originally presented as the author’s Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basel. This book discusses the mythology of the Iatmul People. * Out of print.
Stanek, Milan (1990). “Social Structure of the Iatmul.” In: Lutkehaus et al. Sepik Heritage., pp. 266-273. This discusses “mythology and the kinship system” of the Iatmul People (pp. 270-273).
Swadling, Pamela (1980a). “Traditional Settlement Histories & Early Historical Accounts of the Schouten Islands, East Sepik Province. Foreward.” Oral History 8(2): 1-4. This issue presents several legends from the Schouten Islands. See the following individual bibliographic entries: Anurim & Kabaru, Bell et al., Bukasu & Bukasu, Cheamet al., Howley (1980a, 1980b, 1980c, 1980d, 1980e, 1980f), Juanat & Kasir, Kaien & Kaiu, Kainang et al., Kasier & Salot, Kachau et al., Kankai et al., Kuan et al., Laitmagau et al.. , Maiet & Kasir, Mandau & Varahui, Mando & Bokele, Mereken et al., Mokis & Kaiu, Mon et al., Monub & Sarec, Nimbilauet al., Numbatai & Bong(1980), Pulsio & Pabite, Sale et al., Siaui & Surum, Siaui et al., Sperir et al., Tikapas & Mariembongan, Tuonokon, Unau & Jimlake, Waiat et al., Worarai, Worong et al., Yaut & Boui, and Yawum & Pawdum.
Tairas, Weisim (1980). “Ina-Ama - An Old Wamsak village Site with Standing-Stones (Southern Arapesh Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 86-87. This article presents a myth from the South Arapesh People.
Takendu, Daniel (1975). “Avatip Village, Ambunti Sub-Province, East Sepik.” Oral History 3(5): 2-53. This article presents 5 myths in the Manambu Language and in English (pp. 3-46), including two myths of the Jimbirr pig (pp. 20-23, 35-46).
Taminde, John (1980). “How a Certain Stone Came to Be in Loneim Village (Mt. Arapesh Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 77-78. This article presents a myth from the Mountain Arapesh People.
Telban, Borut (1998). Dancing through Time: A Sepik Cosmology. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 270 pp., illustrated. This book on Ambonwari cosmology includes a chapter on myth and identity (pp. 142-161), spirits (pp. 162-195), the myth of the stone breast (pp. 238-252) in Ambonwari mixed with Tok Pisin and translated into English, and several other shorter myths in English.
Tikapas, Nicholas & Mariembongen, Albert (1980). “Sabar” Oral History 8(2): 17. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Tuonokon, Muk (1980). “Warak: A” Oral History 8(2): 52. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Tuzin, Donald (1976). The Ilahita Arapesh: Dimensions of Unity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 376 pp., illustrated. This book presents the myth of Wilitin and Amilawen (pp. 189-194). This book presents several myths of the Ilahita Arapesh.
Tuzin, Donald (1977). Reflections of being in Arapesh water symbolism. Ethos 5: 195-223. This article discusses the mythology of the Ilahita Arapesh People. *
Tuzin, Donald [F.] (1980). The Voice of the Tambaran: Truth and Illusion in Ilahita Arapesh Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 355 pp., illustrated.
Tuzin, Donald F. (1982). “Ritual Violence Among the Ilahita Arapesh: The Dynamics of Moral and Religious Uncertainty." In: Herdt (1982), pp. 321-353. This chapter discusses a myth of the Ilahita Arapesh People (pp. 342-343).
Tuzin, Donald [F.] (1997). The Cassowary’s Revenge: The Life and Death of Masculinity in a New Guinea Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 256 pp., illustrated. This book analyzes the Swan Maiden tale in the Sepik region (primarily Chapter 4, pp. 68-95), giving versions from the Ilahita Arapesh ("Nambweapa’w") and reviewing the regional distribution and variation. Tuzin argues that the Swan Maiden tale was initially imported by Malaysian bird-of-paradise traders, then locally adapted, typically with a cassowary or bird of paradise substituted for the swan.
Yapawi, Joel; Kwarin, Pol & Laszlo, Marilyn, eds. (1975a). Yokwo niwi whirkin [Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 126 pp. This book is about the Iwam People. * Out of print.
Yapawi, Joel; Kwarin, Pol & Laszlo, Marilyn, eds. (1975b). Ipiyin, mipuk yin makwok wii nimau wanim [Animal stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 1^st edition, 132 pp. This book is about the Iwam People. *
Yapawi, Joel; Kwarin, Pol & Laszlo, Marilyn, eds. (1976). Ipiyin, mipuk yin makwok wii nimau wanim [Animal stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 2^nd edition,132 pp. This book is about the Iwam People. * Out of print.
Unau, Tom & Jimlake, Richard (1980). “How the Villages Called Big Muschu and Small Muschu Were Established.” Oral History 8(2): 54-56. This article presents an origin legend from the Boiken People.
Uri, Philomina (1980). “How the Moon Came to Be - As Told at Korogo Village, Ambunti District, East Sepik Province.” Oral History 8(9): 60-61. This article presents a myth from the Iatmul People.
Waiat, Alois; Dick, Vincent; Waiat, Joseph & Waikuapi, Peter (1980). “Chem & Dakar” Oral History 8(2): 19-20. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Waki, Tona (1980). “Origin Myth from Avatip Village (Manambu Language Speakers).” Oral History 8(9): 66-67. This article presents a myth from the Manambu People.
Wakun, John (1980). “The Origin Myth of the Logel Clan of Aupik Village, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 5-6. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Wamalia, Masgn (1980). “History of Mambauru Village - Wingei Dialect.” Oral History 8(9): 27-28. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Wanbis, Albert Nyan (1978). “How Yams came to Kumunikim Village (Abelam Area, E. Sepik).” Oral History 6(8): 62-63. This article presents a myth of the Abelam People.
Wani, Ignas (1980). “Origin Story of Nala Village, Wosera Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 37-38. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Wassmann, Jürg (1982). Der Gesang an den Fliegenden Hund: Untersuchungen in den totemistischen Gesängen und geheimen Namen des Dorfes Kandingei am Mittelsepik (Papua New Guinea) anhand der Kirugu-Knotenschnüre. Basler Beitäge zur Ethnologie 22. Basel: Ethnologisches Seminar der Universität and Museum für Völkerkunde. This study was presented in English in Wassmann (1991). Out of print.
Wassmann, Jürg (1984). Die vergangenheits-Konzeption der Nyaura (Papua-Neuguinea). Diachronica, Ethnologica Helvetica 8: 117-136. This article was presented in English in Wassmann (1990).
Wassmann, Jürg (1988). Der Gesang an das Krokodil [Singing to the Crocodile]. Basler Beitrage zur Ethnologie 28. Basel: Wepf, 479 pp., illustrated. This book presents mythology of the Iatmul People. * Out of print.
Wassmann, Jürg (1990). “The Nyaura concepts of space and time.” In: Lutkehaus et al., Sepik Heritage., pp. 23-35. This presents a mythological song extract and a myth of the Iatumul (Nyaura) People (pp. 33-34). This article was presented in German in Wassmann (1984).
Wassmann, Jürg (1991). The Song to the Flying Fox: The Public and Esoteric Knowledge of the Important Men of Kandingei about Totemic Songs, Names, and Knotted Cords (Middle Sepik, Papua New Guinea Apwitihire 2. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 313 pp., ilustrated. This book presents folktales of the Iatmul People. The book is based on Wassmann (1982).
Wassmann, Jürg (2001). “The politics of religious secrecy.” In: Rumsey & Weiner, Emplaced Myth., pp. 43-70. The chapter presents 1 Iatmul myth, and it discusses migration.
Watape, Marai (1980). “The Origin Mambauru Village, Wingei Dialect Area of Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 24-26. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Welly, Donny (1980). “How the Moon Came to Be - As Told at Kaminimbit Village.” Oral History 8(9): 61-63. This article presents a myth from the Iatmul People.
Whiting, John W. M. (1951 [1941]). Becoming a Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 226 pp., illustrated. This book presents 2 brief myths on p. 80 and p. 128.
Wilson, Patricia, ed. (1990). Naanau kundi [Our Stories]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Southern Institute of Linguistics, 16 pp. This booklet is about the Abelam People of the Wingei District. * Out of print.
Winkuaku, Isidor (1980). “The Founding of Patigo Village, Wosera District, Abelam.” Oral History 8(9): 82. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Worawai; Marai, N.; Howley, Pat & Saulep, Raphael (1980). “Koragur.” Oral History 8(2): 15. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Worong, John; Saulep, Raphael & Swadling, Pamela (1980). “Baru.” Oral History 8(2): 16. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Yamada, Yoichi (1997). Songs of Spirits: An Ethnography of Sounds in a Papua New Guinea Society. Apwithire: Studies in papua New Guinea Musics 5. Boroko: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 308 pp., illustrated, includes music CD. This books discusses the mythology of the Waxei People, and includes clan origin myths in English (pp. 255-27), and two myths in the Waxei Language (pp. 271-278) that have condensed, English translations on pp. 145-148 and 185-189.
Yamada, Yoichi (author) & Ohno, Jun'ichi (translator) (1998). Sound of bamboo as talk of spirit: social meaning of sound among the Waxei People in the East Sepik Hills. In: Fringe Area of Highlands in Papua New Guinea, Yoshida, Shuji & Toyoda, Yukio, eds. Senri Ethnological Studies 47. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 21-41. This chapter discusses the mythology of the Waxei People. * Out of print.
Yamus, Klanyaka (1980). “How Yamelikin Village was Founded, Maprik Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 19-20. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Yapasi, Wanjo (1980). “The Origin Wingei Village, Wingei Dialect Area of Abelam Speakers.” Oral History 8(9): 22-24. This article presents an origin legend from the Abelam People.
Yaut, Herman & Boui, Chris (1980). “Bou (Bo)” Oral History 8(2): 20-21. This article presents an origin legend from the Kairiru People.
Yawum, Bernard & Pawdum, Otto (1980). “The Flying Fox Clan at Wom.” Oral History 8(2): 74-75. This article presents a myth from the Kairiru People.
Yoshida, S. (1987). Migration routes of the Iwam, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Man and Culture in Oceania 3: 177-189. This article discusses the mythology of the Iwam People. *
Z’graggen (1995)