An annotated bibliography of Melanesian Folklore

Below is an annotated bibliography of Melanesian folklore. Bibliographic entries are included for Papua New Guinea, ex-Irian Jaya (Papua Province of Indonesia), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia.Please send comments and corrections to me.

I use Wurm and Hattori (1983) to standardize references to groups of people, where each group listed under language name (or “People”) corresponds to a distinct language group in Wurm and Hattori (1983).

Wurm, S. A. & Hattori, Shirô, eds. (1983). Language Atlas of the Pacific Area. Part I. New Guinea Area, Oceania, Australia. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 67. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Oral History (Port Moresby) is an important source for Papua New Guinean mythology, but it is at few libraries and is no longer published. It was published by the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. Below, I have indexed many myths from this journal . Oral History was published as the following issues: 1(1-10) [1973], 2(1-10) [1974], 3(1-10) [1975], 4(-10) [1976], 5 (1-10) [1977], 6 (1-10) [1978], 7(1-10) [1979], 8(1-10) [1980], 9(1-4) [1981], 10(1-4) [1982], 11(1-4) [1983], 12(1-4) [1984], 13 (1-2) [1985]. A collective table of contents appeared in Oral History 5(2): 91-100. Issue 7(1) [misnumbered as 6(1)] (1978) was an index of previous issues. A selection of 13 myths from the Institute of Papua New Guinea’s folklore archive of at the time 3500 items was given in Oral History 5(3): 94-125. These are included below. I have not indexed those articles in this journal which do not pertain to mythology.

I wish to thank Robin Hide of Australian National University for extensive additions to this bibliography.

See also the Amazon Papua New Guinea Store.

Geographical Organization

• Earlier bibliographies of Melanesian folklore
• Melanesia: general
• New Caledonia
• Vanuatu
• Solomon Islands
• Papua Province of Indonesia (ex-Irian Jaya)
• Papua New Guinea: general
• Papua New Guinea: by province
  • Islands
    • North Solomons
    • East New Britain
    • West New Britain
    • New Ireland
    • Manus
  • Highlands
    • Simbu (Chimbu)
    • Eastern Highlands
    • Western Highlands
    • Southern Highlands
    • Enga
  • Coast
    • Western
    • Gulf
    • Central
    • National Capital District (Port Moresby)
    • Milne Bay
    • Oro (Northern)
    • Morobe
    • Madang
    • East Sepik
    • West Sepik (Sandaun)

Topical Organization

• Migrations and oral history
• The Time of Darkness
• Cargo cult myths
• Sexuality/Gender and Mythology
• Tales that are expressly for children
• Major sources of texts

Earlier Bibliographies of Melanesian Folklore

• Berndt, Catherine H. “Myths and Tales.” In: Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne / Port Moresby: Melbourne University Press / University of Papua New Guinea, pp. 822-829. This chapter gives an overview of PNG mythology with a bibliography of major works. Out of print.
• Kirtley, Bacil Fleming (1955). A Motif-Index of Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian Narratives. Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University. This was reprinted in the Folklore of the World Series by Ayer Company (New York). In print!
• Lessa, William A. (1961). Tales from Ulithi Atoll: A Comparative Study in Oceanic Folklore. Folklore Studies 13. Berkeley: University of California Press, 493 pp. This book compares motifs and tale types from Ulithi Atoll to other Oceanic folktales. The bibliography includes a large number of Melanesian references. Out of print.

Organization by Name of Language (or People)

Topical Organization

Migrations and Oral History

Stories that are strictly historical are not included.

• Agwi (1980)
• Anonymous (1977)
• Anonymous (1980)
• Anurim & Kabaru (1980)
• Bell et al. (1980)
• Bromley (n.d.)
• Brookfield & Brown (1963)
• Bukasu & Bukasu (1980)
• David (1980)
• Dengewe (1980)
• Derr (1977)
• Dutton (1969)
• Feinberg (1989)
• Felix (1980)
• Gell (1975)
• Gewertz (1983)
• Goava (1979)
• Gobikambe (1980)
• Goldman (1983) (Appendix 6: pp. 325-326)
• Hailaeavila (1978b)
• Hauka (1978)
• Halipeim (1980)
• Haenen (1997)
• Jojoga (1975)
• Joshua (1980)
• Kachau et al. (1980)
• Kakare (1977)
• Kamit (1975)
• Kankai et al. (1980)
• Kasier & Salot (1980)
• Kiaakia (1980)
• Kinjet (1980)
• Kolia (1981)
• Kopil (1977a)
• Kose (1980)
• Kuan et al. (1980)
• Kuechler (1983)
• Kumagai (1998)
• Kuminiga (1980)
• Lacey (1981), Lacey (1974)
• Laki (1980)
• Lasaro (1975)
• Loa (1980a), (1980b)
• Maiet & Kasir (1980)
• Mareva (1980)
• Mari’a & Kolia (1977)
• Mathew (1980)
• Mellam (1980)
• Mennis (1978, 1979)
• Mereken et al. (1980)
• Miedema (1996b)
• Miller (1980)
• Miria (1974)
• Minol (2000)
• Mokis & Kaiu (1980)
• Mon et al. (1980)
• Monub & Sarec (1980)
• Nakinch (1977)
• Newton (1975)
• Nimbilauet al. (1980)
• Noknale (1980a)
• Ogale (1977)
• Opeba (1981)
• Oram (1981)
• Poinaji (1980)
• Poinaji (1980)
• Pondua (1981)
• Poole (1994)
• Rageau (1977)
• Rhodes & Specht (1980)
• Roscoe (1989, 1994)
• Sack (1976)
• Sakui (1980)
• Sale et al. (1980)
• Sanginawa (1980)
• Schuster (1990)
• Siaui & Surum (1980)
• Specht (1980)
• Sperir et al. (1980)
• Stewart & Strathern (2001).
• Suguman (1980)
• Swadling et al. (1977), Swadling (1980b, 1981)
• Tapari (1977)
• Thomas (1975)
• Tikapas & Mariembongan (1980)
• Unau & Jimlake (1980)
• Waiat et al. (1980)
• Waki (1980)
• Wamalia (1980)
• Wamer (1980)
• Wani (1980)
• Wassmann (2001)
• Watape (1980)
• Worarai (1980)
• Worong et al. (1980)
• Yamada (1998)
• Yapasi (1980)
• Yaut & Boui (1980)
• Yoshida (1987)

The Time of Darkness Legends

See Blong (1981) for a description of the Time of Darkness.

• Allen & Wood (1980)
• Anonymous (1981m)
• Ballard (1998)
• Blong (1975, 1979, 1981, 1982)
• Mai (1981)
• Mennis (1978, 1981a, 1981b)
• Watson (1963)

Cargo Cult Myths

• Buck (1988)
• Burridge (1960)
• Burridge (1969)
• Eliade (1970)
• Fajans (1997)
• Gibbons (1978)
• Glasse (1963)
• Guiart (1970)
• Fischer (1966)
• Hempenstall (1984)
• Jeudy-Ballini (1988, 1997)
• Kamma (1955)
• Lattas (1992)
• Lawrence (1964), Lorens & Tomaseti (1968)
• Otto (1992)
• Panoff (1988)
• Slone (2001): myths from Wantok issues number 213 and 840
• Steinbauer (1979)
• Strathern (1979)
• Worsley (1968)

Sexuality/Gender and Mythology

• Bercovitch (1996)
• Gardner (1988)
• Gillison (1993)
• Godelier (1986)
• Gourlay (1975)
• Gregor & Tuzin (2001)
• Herdt (1987)
• Hogbin (1970)
• Juillerat (1981, 1991, 1998)
• Kulick (1992)
• Langness (1998)
• Losche (1990)
• Maschio (1995)
• Meggitt (1976)
• Nekitel (1987)
• Panoff (1994)
• Pouwer (1998a)
• Timothy et al. (1974)
• Tuzin (1997)
• Weiner (1988)

Tales that Are Expressly for Children

• Akis (1981)
• Anderson (1979)
• Anonymous (1991?)
• Beier (1972)
• Carlyon (2006)
• Flood (1999)
• Gallyon (1959)
• Gregory (1995)
• Hughes (1959)
• Lasisi (1981)
• Mathew (1981)
• McDowell & Lavitt (1971)
• Sweeney (1967a), Sweeney (1967b), Sweeney (1967c), Sweeney (1967d)
• Wilson (1990)
• Yamada (1998)

Major Sources of Texts

Below are sources that report substantial amounts of Papua New Guinean mythology text in an apparently unbiased (i.e., not "retold") form with good source attribution. A source is considered major if

1. it contains texts from many areas (e.g., McElhanon (1974)),
2. it contains many texts from one area (e.g., LeRoy 1985a, 1985b),
3. or it contains several texts and it is likely to be the only source for a language group (e.g., Sanders et al. (1986)).

• Aufinger (1979) (Gende People)
• Anonymous (1972) (creation legends)
• Bose (1978) (Boiken People)
• Beier (1972)
• Böhm (1983) (Manam People)
• Brumbaugh (1984a, 1984b) (Telefol People)
• Counts (1982) (Kaliai People)
• Craig (1980a) (Amto People) & Craig (1980b) (Abau People)
• Crowley (1980) (Paama People, Vanuatu)
• De’Ath & Mennis (1981) (mainly Madang and Manus Provinces)
• Finch (1974) (Kamano People)
• Gillison (1993) (Gimi People)
• Hesse & Aerts (1982) (Baining People)
• Hillhouse (1990) (Asmat People, Irian Jaya)
• Höltker (1974) (Monumbo and Ngaimbom Peoples)
• Janssen et al. (1973) (Tolai People)
• Johnston (1995) (Oro Province)
• Josephides (1982) (Kewa People)
• Landtman (1917) (Kiwai People)
• Lepi & Bowers (1983) (Hagen People)
• LeRoy (1983, 1985a, 1985b) (Kewa People)
• MacDonald (1990) (Kewa People)
• McElhanon (1974)
• McElhanon (1982)
• Mead (1970) (Mountain Arapesh People)
• Ongkodharma & Nelwan (1983) (Wandamen People)
• Peter (1976) (Misima People)
• Pomponio et al. (1994b) (Kilibob myths)
• Sanders et al. (1986) (Kamasau People)
• Slone (2001) (Stori Tumbuna from Wantok newspaper)
• Swadling (1980a) (Shouten Islands, East Sepik Province settlement histories)
• Swadling (1980b) (Sepik Province and Madang Province settlement histories)
• Tinauri & Olson (1975) (Barai People)
• Vicedom (1977) (Hagen People)
• Weiner (1988) (Foi People)
• Wheeler (1926) (Mono-Alu People Solomon Islands)
• Young (1979) (Bwaidoga People)
• Zöllner (1988) (Yali People, Irian Jaya)
• Z’graggen (1992, 1995, 1996) (mainly Madang Province)

Organization by People (or Language)

• Abau: Craig (1980b), Lock & Lock (1985), Scorza (1972)
• Abelam: Akimoula (1980), Areka (1980), Baker (1983), Bisa (1980), Draper & Draper (1966), Felix (1980), Gobikambe (1980), Huber-Greub (1990), Ihiruom (1980), Jimmy (1980), Kaingen (1980), Kamis (1980), Kiaakia (1980), Kipa (1980), Kose (1980), Kutian (1980), Lansak (1980), Lauiagun (1980), Loa (1980), Losche (1990 , 1997), Manikuli (1980), McElhanon (1974), Mellam (1980), Nix (1990), Noknale (1980a, 1980b), Numba (1980), Sakui (1980), Simalo (1980), Sanginawa (1980), Sapayé (1975), Wakun (1980), Wamalia (1980), Wanbis (1978), Wani (1980), Watape (1980), Wilson (1990), Winkuaku (1980), Yamus (1980), Yapasi (1980)
• Adzera: Cates & Price (1969a, 1969b), van der Wilden & van der Wilden (1973)
• Aekyom (?): Anonymous (1975a), Depew (1986)
• Agarabi: Goddard (1973), Kavani (1974)
• Aibom: Apral (1981), Gewertz (1983), Schuster (1990)
• Aiome: Aufenanger (1960)
• Ak (Kwieftim): Kelm (1975, 1980, 1990)
• Ali: Kalipapung (1980), Mato (1980)
• Amanab: Juillerat (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, 1998)
• Ambonwari: Telban (1998)
• Ambrym: Paton (1971)
• Ambulas: Gélége et al. (1971)
• Ampeeli-Wojokeso: McElhanon (1982)
• Amto: Craig (1980a)
• Amungme (see also Dani): Nawipa (1995), Beanal (1994)
• Andarum: Z’graggen (1992, 1995)
• Anem: Thurston (1994)
• Anga: Blackwood (1939, 1978)
• Anggor: McElhanon (1974)
• Anggoram: Newton (1975)
• Anuta (a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands): Feinberg (1989, 1998)
• Arapesh, Ilahita: Joshua (1980), Tuzin (1976), Tuzin (1977), Tuzin (1980), Tuzin (1982), Tuzin (1997)
• Arapesh, Mountain (Bukiyip): Alois (1983), McElhanon (1982), Mead (1970), Nawimin (1980), Nekitel (1987), Tairas (1980), Taminde (1980)
• Arapesh, South: Anonymous (1980), Joshua (1980), Kapris (1980), Kuminiga (1980), Likita (1980), Loa (1980b), Lukas & Alungum (1978), Mark (1980), Mathew (1980)
• Arop: Z’graggen (1992, 1995)
• Arosi: Fox (1984), Scott (2000, 2001, 2007)
• Aru: Crawford (1971)
• Asaro: Gavey (1985)
• Asmat (see also Mimika): Hillhouse (1990), Monnier (1999), Münzel (1987), Offenberg & Pouwer (2002), Roosman (1975), Schnnebaum (1990), Zegwaard (n.d.)
• Au: McElhanon (1982), Philsooph (1990), Scorza (1972, 1975), Scorza & Yamene (1980)
• Auyana: Bee (1973), Marks (1973), McElhanon (1982), McKaughan (1973b), Sara et al. (1973)
• Awa: McElhanon (1974), McKaughan (1973a), Newman & Boyd (1982)
• Awar: Z’graggen (1992)
• Awin: Anonymous (1977)
• Awun (Abrau): Kelm (1975, 1990)
• Baegu: Bauman (1998)
• Bahinemo:
• Kawasaki (1998)
• Baining: Bley (1914), Fajans (1997), Hesse & Beier (1977), Hesse & Aerts (1979, 1982), Laufer (1960, 1961)
• Bali-Vitu: Blythe (1992, 1995), Lattas (1992, 2001), Rhoads & Specht (1980), van den Berg & Bachet (2006)
• Baluan-Lou-Pam: Meier(1978), Takei (1977)
• Bam: Z’graggen (1996)
• Banoni: Lincoln (1979)
• Barai: Hodgkin & Olson (1986), McElhanon (1982), Tinauri & Olson (1975)
• Bargam: Inar (1988a, 1988b, 1988c, 1988d, 1991), Inar et al. (1988), Inarbu (1990, 1994), Nuwayme (1988), Malbak et al. (1988), Tumuw (1991), Yagay et al. (1987)
• Bariai: McPherson (1994)
• Baruya: Lloyd & Lloyd (1969a, 1969b), Herdt (1987), McElhanon (1974)
• Bauzi: Briley (1983)
• Beli: Sowei (1980)
• Bellona: Kirtley (1973)
• Benabena: Afoe (1983), Kuyave (1983), Langness (1998), Lipisie (1983), Seka (1983)
• Berik: Kalmbacher (1983), Ooserterwal (1961)
• Biak: Anonymous (1981f), Marjen (1983), Kamma (1955), Weror (1981)
• Biam: Z’graggen (1992)
• Biami: Dwyer (1990), Kelly (1977, Kelly (1993)
• Biangai: Koni (1973)
• Bilbil: Anonymous (1981c, 1981i), Aufinger (1946, 1978), Dempwolff (1911), Derr (1976), Derr (1977), Korow (1980), Mennis (1978), Mennis (1979), Mennis (1980b), Mennis (1981a), Mennis (1981b), Pech (1979, 1991), Simango (1980), Z’graggen (1992)
• Biliau: Z’graggen (1992)
• Bimin: Poole (1982, 1983, 1994)
• Binandere: Johnston (1995), Opeba (1981), Waiko (1981, 1983a, 1983b)
• Bine: Anonymous (1975a)
• Biwat (Mundugumor): McDowell (1991)
• Biyom: Aufinger (1979)
• Boiken: Anurim & Kabaru (1980), Bell et al. (1980), Bose (1978), Freudenburg (1976), Gerstner (1952), Hwasimani (1976), Hwasimani & Katimo (1974), Kachau et al. (1980), Kankai et al. (1980), Laitmagau et al. (1980), Mandau & Varahui (1980), Mando & Bokele (1980), McElhanon (1982), Mereken et al. (1980), Numbatai & Bong (1980), Roscoe (1984, 1989, 1990), Sale et al. (1980), Tuonokon (1980), Unau & Jimlake (1980), Z’graggen (1992)
• Bola: Specht (1980).
• Bonerif: Ooserterwal (1961)
• Buang: Davidson & Davidson (1972), Girard (1976), Hooley & Johnson (1971, 1973, 1983), Johnson & Hooley (1980), McElhanon (1974)
• Buin: Anonymous (1981b), Laita (1971), Laita (1977), McElhanon (1982), Thurnwald (1970)
• Bukawac: Lehner (1931, 1938)
• Bundi: Aufinger (1979)
• Burum-Mindik: Olkkonen & Yage (1985)
• Busama: Hogbin (1969)
• Bwaidoga: Cohen (1999), Jenness & Ballantyne (1928), Young (1979)
• Canala: Metais (1988)
• Cemuhi (Camuhi): Bensa & Rivierre (1983, 1994)
• Chambri: Errington & Gewertz (1990), Gewertz (1978, 1982, 1983), Gewertz & Errington (1991), Mepi & Garnier (2006)
• Chuave: Eugene (1985), Kerea (1990), Yame (1990)
• Dadibi: Wagner (1978, 2001)
• Daga: McElhanon (1974)
• Dani (see also Amungme): Bromley (n.d.), Gardner & Heider (1968), Heider (1979), Mampioper (1980)
• Daribi: Wagner (1986)
• Dedua: Ceder & Ceder (1989).
• Degenan: Z’graggen (1992)
• Dehu: Drile & Lercari (1983), Ihage (1992), Kacoco (1994), Nekoeng (1990)
• Dobu: Cohen (1999), Duduwega (1975), Fortune (1932), Kuehling (1998), McElhanon (1982)
• Duau: Kanadi (1975)
• Duna: Stewart & Strathern (2002), Strathern (1998, 2005)
• Efate, South: Waiet al. (1983)
• Eipo: Heeschen (1990)
• Elepi: Gehberger (1950, 1977)
• Enga: Anonymous (1973), Clark (1993, 1995), Dlugosz (1998), Kyakas & Wiessner (1992), Feil (1997), Gibbs (1978, 2007), Kamimura (1988), Kopilyo (1978)., Ninji (1977), Lacey (1974, 1975, 1981), Mai (1981), Meggitt (1976), Timothy et al. (1974a, 1974b), Wiessner & Tumu (1998)
• Ere-Lele-Gele’-Kuruti: Kais (1977), Kais & Minol (1996), Kaspou (1977)
• Faiwol: Anonymous (1975a)
• Fasu: May et al. (1974), Williams (1977a)
• Foi: Rule (1993), Weiner (1986, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1998)
• Fore: Berndt (1965), Nicholson (1969)
• Fuyuge: Hirsch (1987), Williamson (1912)
• Gadsup: Du Toit (1964), McElhanon (1974), McKaughan (1973c)
• Gahuku (Alekano, Gafuku, Gehamajuha): Deibler & Deibler (1963, 1971, 1974, 1979), Namagulehe (1983), Nunuwe (1977)
• Guhu-Samane: Sali (1983)
• Gaina: Johnston (1995)
• Gamei: Josephides (1990)
• Garuh: Z’graggen (1992)
• Garus: Z’graggen (1992, 1995)
• Gawigl (Kaugel): McElhanon (1974)
• Gebusi: Knauft (1985, 1998)
• Gedaged: Anonymous (1981e, 1981i), Korow (1980), Mennis (1978), Mennis (1979), Mennis (1980b), Pech (1979, 1991), Z’graggen (1992, 1995)
• Gende: Aufenanger & Höltker (1940), Aufenanger (1953), Maragau (1973)
• Gidra: see Wipi
• Gimi: Gillison & Gillison (1983), Gillison (1993, 2002)
• Girawa: Mokirip (1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1985)
• Giri: Z’graggen (1992)
• Gnau: Lewis (1980)
• Gogodala: Anonymous (1975a)
• Guyebi: Aufinger (1979)
• Hagen (Medlpa): Anda (1983), Ape (1983), Aruma (1983a, 1983b), Fagon (1977a, 1977b), Kaewa (1977), Kei (1981), Kera (1983), Kiye (1983), Kopil (1977a, 1977b, 1981), Kupu (1983), Lepi & Bowers (1983), Mandikera (1983), Nakinch (1977), Neapu (1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1983d, 1983e, 1983f, 1983g), Pius (1983a), Pundia (1983a, 1983b, 1983c), Ralye (1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1983d, 1983e, 1983f, 1983g, 1983h, 1983i, 1983j), Roitinga (1977) , Rokop (1977), Stewart & Strathern (2001)., Strathern (1979, 1980), Strauss et al. (1990), Vicedom (1977), Wak (1977), Wapiye (1983a, 1983b), Wigley (1973)
• Hahon: Giddings (1975)
• Halia: Allen (1968), Allen & Allen (1976), McElhanon (1974)
• Ham: Mennis (1978)
• Hewa: Abramson, J. A. & Holst, R. (1973)
• Hoava: Davis (1991)
• Huli: Allen & Wood (1980), Ballard (1998), Blong (1979), Clark (1993), Glasse (1963, 1965), Goldman (1983, 1995, 1998b, 1998c), Tavali (1980)
• Iamalele: Beaumont & Beaumont (1988), Nugavali (1988)
• Iatmul: Agwi (1980), Bateson (1958), Coiffier (1995), Gewertz (1983), Hauser-Schaüblin (1983), Laki (1980), Laycock (no date), McElhanon (1982), Schindlbeck (1984), Silverman(2001).,Spearritt (1996), Stanek (1982), 1983, 1990), Uri (1980), Wassmann (1982, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2001), Welly (1980)
• Iduna (Vivigana): Huckett et al. (1975, 1976), McElhanon (1974)
• Igom: Z’graggen (1992)
• Inoke-Yate: Mativa’ae et al. (1985), McCarthy et al. (1986)
• Ipili: Biersack (1998)
• Irarutu: Visser (1989)
• Isirawa (Saberi): Kalmbacher (1983), Ooserterwal (1961)
• Itik: Ooserterwal (1961)
• Iwam: David (1980), Yapawi et al. (1975a, 1975b, 1976), Yoshida (1987)
• Jate: Berndt (1965)
• Kadiba: Kadiba (1983)
• Kaian: Z’graggen (1995)
• Kairiru: Boyek (2000), Bukasu & Wamani (1980), Cheam et al. (1980), Howley (1980a, 1980b, 1980c, 1980d, 1980e, 1980f), Juanat & Kasir (1980), Kabur et al. (1980), Kaien & Kaiu (1980), Kainang et al. (1980), Kasier & Salot (1980), Kuan et al. (1980), Maiet & Kasir (1980), Mandau & Varahui (1980), Mando & Bokele (1980), Mereken et al. (1980), Mokis & Kaiu (1980), Mon et al. (1980), Monub & Sarec (1980), Nimbilau et al. (1980), Pulsio & Pabite (1980), Siaui & Surum (1980), Siaui et al. (1980), Sperir et al. (1980), Tikapas & Mariembongen (1980), Waiat et al. (1980), Worawai et al. (1980), Worong et al. (1980), Yaut & Boui (1980),Yawum & Pawdum (1980)
• Kalam: Gi et al. (1975), Kei (1981), Majnep & Bulmer (1977), Pius (1983a)
• Kalauna (Iduna): Young (1983, 1984, 1987)
• Kaliai: Counts (1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1994), Lattas (1998), Laupu & Sapanga
• Kaluli: Feld (1982, 1991), Schieffelin (1976, 1982, 1990)
• Kamano: Berndt (1955, 1962, 1965), Finch (1974), Igemo (1983), McElhanon (1982), Payne (1988)
• Kamasau (Wand Tuan): Bunima (1980), Sanders et al. (1986)
• Kambot: Pondua (1981)
• Kamoro: see Mimika)
• Kanite: Ate’ya et al. (1981) , Gibson & McCarty (1966)
• Kapauku: Dharmojo (1998)
• Kapriman: Kumagai (1998)
• Kara (Manus): Kuechler (1983), Mokis (1977)
• Kara (New Ireland): Schlie (1994)
• Karkar-Yuri: Ouwinu & Price (1986, 1988)
• Kare: Z’graggen (1995)
• Kâte (Kai): Keysser (1911)
• Katiati: Z’graggen (1992)
• Kaulong: Goodale (1995)
• Keapara: Rageau (1977), Rawali (1977)
• Kehelala: Grant (1953) Williams 1936
• Keriaka: Giddings (1975)
• Kesawai: Z’graggen (1992)
• Keuru: Hailaeavila (1978a), Hailaeavila (1978b)
• Kewa: Diaya (1980), Franklin (1972), Josephides (1982, 1998), Nanape et al. (2001), LeRoy (1975, 1983, 1985a, 1985b), MacDonald (1988a, 1988b, 1990), McElhanon (1974), Ogale (1977), Pius (1983b, 1983c), Rambi et al. (1977), Weiner (1998)
• Kilivila (Trobriand or Kiriwina): Devereux (1986-1988), Kasaipwalova & Beier (1978), Malinowski (1926, 1929, 1935, 1935, 1948), Malnic & Kasaipwalova (1996), Mathew (1981), Mosko (1986), Mwayubu (1977), Senft (1995), Spiro (1982)
• Kimam: Serpenti (1965)
• Kiwai: Anonymous (1975a), Anonymous (1977), Hughes (1959), Landtman (191719271918), Little (1952a)
• Kobon: Jevi et al. (1979)
• Koiari: Gaigo (1979), Goava (1979)
• Koita: Gadiki (1977), Gaigo (1979), Goava (1979), Kidu (1976), Oram (1981), Swadling (1981)
• Komba: Harding (1967)
• Konua (Kunua): Giddings (1975)
• Korowai: van Enk & de Vries (1997)
• Korafe: Farr et al. (1979)
• Kovai: Ploeg(1994)
• Kuanua: See Tolai.
• Kubokota (Ranongga) (a Polynesian outlier): Roga (1989), Stubbs (1989, 1991)
• Kukukuku, Kuku Kuku: see Anga
• Kuman (Chimbu): Brookfield & Brown (1963), Brown (1995), Jacobsen (1995)
• Kuni: Egidi (1913)
• Kunimaipa: Bjorkman et al. (1987), Gariai et al. (1988a, 1988b, 1988c), Geary (1974), Geary & Bjorkman (1977)
• Kuot: Galeng (1997)
• Kurum: Z’graggen (1992)
• Kwanga: Manabe (1988), Manari (1980), Poinaji (1980)
• Kwara’ae: Alasa’a (1990), Burt (1998)
• Kwerba: Kalmbacher (1983)
• Kwesten: Ooserterwal (1961)
• Kwoma (Washkuk): Bowden (1983), Bowden (1990), Buria & Kooyers (1976), Bowden (1990), Laycock (no date), McElhanon (1982), Whiting (1941)
• Kyaka: Kaewa (1977)
• Lakalai (Nakanai): Guinness (1973), Johnston (1974), Johnston & Johnston (1972), McElhanon (1974), Theng (1997), Valentine (1961, 1965)
• Lau: Fox (1984)
• Lavongai: Stamm (1988)
• Lewo (Epi): Lui et al. (1988)
• Lilau: Z’graggen (1992)
• Lindrou: Buah (1981), Moijam (1981), Selipiu (1981)
• Loniu: Hamel (1994)
• Magi: Thomson (1976)
• Mairasi: Peckham (1983)
• Malaita: Fairbrother (1924), Ivens (1930), Scott (1990)
• Managalasi: McElhanon (1982)
• Manam: Böhm (1983), Boucher (1971), Lutkehaus (1982)
• Manambu: Farnsworth & Kwaramwuk (1972), Harrison (1982, 1990), Halipeim (1980), Takendu (1975), Waki (1980)
• Mandak: Eves (1998), Tevene (1990)
• Mandara: Anonymous (1998)
• Mander: Ooserterwal (1961)
• Mandi: Gehberger (1977)
• Mangseng: Anonymous (1998), Vua et al. (1998b)
• Manikion (Sougb): Anonymous (1997), Zevenbergen (1997a, 1997b)
• Mare: Illouz (2000)
• Mari: Z’graggen (1992)
• Marind: Geurtjens (1956), van Baal (1966), Wirz (1920, 1922, 1928)
• Maring: Healey (1993), Kei (1981), Pius (1983a), Woodward et al. (1975)
• Matukar: Z’graggen (1992)
• Mayo: Staalsen (1965)
• Mekeo: Barnett (1974a, 1974b), Bergendorff (1992, 1996), Faliu (1989), McLaren (1978), Mosko (1986), Natachee (1974), Stephen (1995)
• Mehek: Nouso (1980), Sufali (1980)
• Mendi (Wola): Sillitoe (1979, 1993)
• Mengen: Panoff (1969, 1988, 1994)
• Meyah: Makambak & Gravelle (1991), Zevenbergen (1997b)
• Meybrat: Bless (2000)
• Mianmin: Brumbaugh (1987), Gardner (1988), Kumagai (1989), Morren (1991)
• Mimika (a.k.a. Kamoro; see also Asmat): Coenen (1963), Drabbe (1947), Groen (1961), Locher (1956), Monnier (1999), Offenberg & Pouwer (2002), Pouwer (1955), Shoot (1969), Zegwaard (1952, 1956, 1980, n.d.)
• Mindiri: Mennis (1978)
• Misima: Alek (1989), Bartlett (1955?), Callister (1988), Cohen (1999), Peter (1976)
• Mono-Alu (Solomon Islands): Monnerie (1988), Wheeler (1912, 1913, 1926)
• Monumbo: Höltker (1974), Z’graggen (1995)
• Morafa: Z’graggen (1992)
• Moresada: Z’graggen (1992)
• Motu: Anonymous (1981u), Gaigo (1979), Goava (1979), Igo (1977), Kidu (1976), Kolia (1981), Manega (1976, 1981), Miria (1974), Oram (1981), Swadling (1981), Ugava (1974), Vagi (1981)
• Mugil: Z’graggen (1992, 1995)
• Murik: Aris (1977), Höltker (1975), Lipset (1985, 1997), Meeker et al. (1986), Pulou (1978), Schmidt (1923-1924, 1926, 1933)
• Murupi: Z’graggen (1992)
• Mussau-Emira: Chinnery (1925)
• Mutu: Allace (1976), Mennis (1981b), Pomponio (1994a)
• Muyuw: David et al. (1971), Kalos (1977), McElhanon (1982)
• Nabak: SiÖgema (1978)
• Nagovisi: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
• Nali: Kais & Minol (1996), Pfaff & Masta (1989, 1990)
• Nalik: Powdermaker (1933)
• Narak: Hainsworth & Brien (1976)
• Nasioi: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
• Nauna: Meier(1978)
• Nehan (Nissan): Glennon (1993), Hannett (1977)
• Nemi: Ozanne-Rivierre (1975, 1979)
• Nengone (Mare): Dubois (1975)
• Ngaimbom (Lilau): Höltker (1974), Z’graggen (1992)
• Ngaing: Lawrence (1965b)
• Nguna: Facey (1988),Schütz (1969)
• Nii: Kondwal & Trompf (1982)
• Nokopo: Kocher-Schmid (1990)
• Ogea: Kennedy et al. (1985), Kennedy & Kennedy (1985)
• Ogebi: Aufinger (1979)
• Oksapmin: Lawrence (1983), Lawrence & Bek (1976), Perey (1973)
• Olo (Wape): Mantovani (1984b), McGregor (1969, 1978, 1982), Mitchell (1987), Waisi (2000)
• Omie (Ömie or Aomi): McElhanon (1974), Johnston (1995)
• Onabasulu: Ernst (1991)
• Orokaiva: Iteanu & Schwimmer (1996), Johnston (1995), Jojoga (1975), Opeba (1981), Sareki & Gagari (1981), Schwimmer (1973)
• Orokolo (Elema): Brown (1975, 1977, 1988), Clifton (1991), Hailaeavila (1978a 1978b), Hauka (1978), Kavo (1978), Kakare (1980), Kakure (1974), Kekeo (1978), Williams (1940, 1977a)
• Paama: Crowley (1980), Mael & Crowley (1984)
• Paici: Bensa & Rivierre (1983, 1994)
• Paka: Brumbaugh (1983)
• Papitalai: Meier (1978)
• Patep: Adams & Lauck (1979), McElhanon (1982)
• Pele-Ata: Hashimoto (1990)
• Pije: Rivierre (1978)
• Pila: Z’graggen (1992)
• Pileni: Elbert & Kirtley (1966)
• Purari: Koivi (1978), Mari’a & Kolia (1977), Murray (1924), Poiki (1978), Rove (1983), Ulijaszek & Poraituk (1981), Waheo (1989)
• Raga: Firth (1930)
• Ranongga: Roga (1989)
• Rauto: Maschio (1994, 1995)
• Rawa: Claassen (1970a, 1970b), McElhanon (1982)
• Reapa Tati: Haro (1978)
• Rempi: Mennis (1979), Pech (1979, 1991), Suguman (1980), Z’graggen (1995)
• Rennell: Elbert (1970), Kirtley (1973), Ito et al. (1978), Monberg & Kuschel (1981)
• Roro: Efi (1983), Kairi (1978b), Miria (1974)
• Rossel Island (Yeletnye): McElhanon (1974)
• Rotokas: Firchow & Akoitai (1974), McElhanon (1974)
• Roviana: Makini (1991)
• Sabarl (Nimowa): Battaglia (1990)
• Salt-Yui: Irwin et al. (1971), McElhanon (1982)
• Sambia: see Baruya
• Saposa: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
• Saviano: Buinklo (1980)
• Sawos: Gewertz (1983), Kinjet (1980), Schindlbeck (1984)
• Selepet: Garam & McElhannon (1983), Harding (1967), Kinjet (1980), McElhanon (1974), McElhanon (1982), Schindlbeck (1984)
• Sentani: Mehue (1990)
• Sepa: Z’graggen (1992)
• Sepen: Z’graggen (1992)
• Sera: Powe (1980)
• Sewa Bay: Schlesier (1990)
• Siane: Eugene (1985), Knutson (1976), Kumani (1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1989d), Loba & Kafa (1982), Peter (1983)
• Sihan: Anonymous (1981m)
• Sinagoro: Kari & Mala (1977), Kolia (1981), Mareva (1980), Navuru (1973)
• Sio: Harding (1967), Harding & Clark (1994)
• Siwai: Dawia (1982a, 1982b)
• Sko: Takra (1980), Tonte (1980)
• Sori: Romanucci-Ross (1985)
• Sowanda (Umeda): Gell (1975)
• Suabo (Inanwatan): van Oosterhout(1996)
• Suau: Lasaro (1975)
• Suena: Sali (1983)
• Suki: Anonymous (1975a), Anonymous (1977)
• Sulka: Jeudy-Ballini (1986, 1988, 1997, 2001)
• Sursurunga: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
• Susuri: Z’graggen (1992)
• Tagula (Vanatinai or Sudest): Lepowsky (1993), Madiyu et al. (1987)
• Taiap (Gapun): Kulick (1992)
• Tairora: Hays (1985, 1992), McElhanon (1974), Watson (1997), Vincent (1973)
• Takia: Anonymous (1981a), Derr (1977), Hodgkin & Olson (1986), Kupeng (1981), McSwain (1994), Singirok (1976), Wabei (1977)
• Takū: Moyle (2004)
• Tangga: Patimos (1983), Voklus (1977)
• Tangu: Burridge (1956, 1959a, 1959b, 1960, 1969), Z’graggen (1995)
• Tani: Z’graggen (1992)
• Tawala: Nekudomesi & Batholomew (1988)
• Teanu (Vanikoro): Tua & Lincoln (1979)
• Tec: Guiart (1974)
• Telefol: Brumbaugh (1984a, 1984b, 1987, 1990), Craig (1990), Futengim (1977, 1981), Healey & Healey (1981), Jorgensen (1986, 1990, 1993), Morren (1991), Quinlivan (1954)
• Teop: Terrell & Purupuru (1972)
• Tifal: Bercovitch (1996), Boush (1981), Brumbaugh (1987)
• Tikopia (a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands): Firth (1961, 2001)
• Timbe: McElhanon (1982)
• Titan: Chawanin (1977), Fortune (1935), Mead (1930), Samol (1977), Tawali (1977)
• Toaripi: Eite (1978), Haro (1978), Huiapo (1978), Kakare (1977), Kakare (1978), Karava (1978a), Karava (1978b), Karava (1978c), Koaru (1974, 1978), Korai (1978), Lavaki (1981), Miva (1978), Opa, Farapo (1971)., Sala (1978), Sarenko (1978), Siari (1978), Thomas (1975)
• Tolai (Kuanua): Anonymous (1981j), Bögershausen (1917-1919), Bola (1977), Janssen et al. (1973), Kleintitschen (1924), Meier (1909), Meyer (1910), Laufer (1974-1975), Sack (1997), ToPagur (1982), To Vairop (1977), Valian (1977), Wallom (1977)
• Toror: Flassy (1995, 1997)
• Tubetube: Grant (1952)
• Uaripi: Haro (1978)
• Ubir: Kamit (1975)
• Ulau-Suain: Wamer (1980)
• Ulingan: Z’graggen (1992)
• Umanakaina: Jesudason & Jesudason (1990)
• Umeda: See Sowanda
• Urigina: Z’graggen (1992)
• Urii: McElhanon (1974)
• Urim: Luoma (1988)
• Usu: Anonymous (1981o)
• Utu: Z’graggen (1995)
• Usurufa: Berndt (1965)
• Vangunu: Solomon & Padakana (1995)
• Vasui (Tinputz): McElhanon (1982)
• Wadaginam: Z’graggen (1992)
• Waffa: Stringer (1978)
• Wahgi: Anonymous (1981n), Kondwal & Trompf (1982), Okona (1984a), Pok (1981)
• Wampar: Fischer (1992, 1994), Sack (1976)
• Wandamen: Ongkodharma & Nelwan (1983)
• Wando: Tapari (1977)
• Wantoat: Kaima (1985)
• Wape: See Olo
• Wares: Ooserterwal (1961)
• Warop: Held (1956, 1957)
• Waskia: McSwain (1994), Singirok (1976), Z’graggen (1992)
• Waxei (or Wahei): Yamada (1997, 1998)
• Wedau: Kahn (1983, 1990)
• Weri: Narere (1977)
• Wipi: Okona (1984b), Sagere et al. (n.d.)
• Wogamusin: Buinklo (1980)
• Wogeo: Johnson (1978), Sack (1975), Hogbin (1970), Z’graggen (1995, 1996)
• Wom: Dengewe (1980)
• Wuvulu-Aua: Ala’u (1977), Kolia (1976)
• Wiru: Collier (1975), Clark (1989), Clark (1993), Ogale (1977), Strathern (1983)
• Yabim: Paulisbo (1981), Tiesler (1968)
• Yabio: Saito (1988)
• Yafar: See Amanab
• Yagwoia: Mimica (1988)
• Yali: Zöllner (1983, 1988)
• Yareba: McElhanon (1974)
• Yau: Iqinuc et al. (1988a, 1988b)
• Yaweyuha: Belalo (1975)
• Yessan-Mayo: Foreman & Marten (1985), Koukou (1985)
• Yimas: Foley (1986)
• Yonggom: Anonymous (1975a)
• Yuri: Hanns (1982)
• Zia: Kanasa (1983)
• Zimakani: Anonymous (1975a)

• A Bibliography of Melanesian Pidgin English
• A West New Britain Working Bibliography

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